Visceral leishmaniasis references

This section contains a selection of recent references, 1993- 1996 on various aspects of visceral leishmaniasis. To search these pages use the find function on your browser.

• Treatment
• Diagnosis
• Immunology
• Geographical distribution and epidemiology
• Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology
• Miscellaneous

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References: Treatment

Ashford, D. A., Bozza, M., Freire, M., Miranda, J. C., Sherlock, I., Eulalio, C., Lopes, U., Fernandes, O., Degrave, W., Barker, R. H., (1995). Comparison of the polymerase chain reaction and serology for the detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53(3): 251-5

Badaro, R., Nascimento, C., Carvalho, J. S., Badaro, F., Russo, D., Ho, J. L., Reed, S. G., Johnson, W. D., Jones, T. C., (1994), Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in combination with pentavalent antimony for the treatment of visceral Leishmaniasis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13(2) : 523-8

Baily, G. G., Nandy, A., (1994), Visceral leishmaniasis: more prevalent and more problematic. J. Infect. 29(3): 241-7

Bakker-Woudenberg, I. A., Storm, G., Woodle, M. C., (1994), Liposomes in the treatment of infections. J. Drug. Target. 2(5): 363-71

Banerjee, G., Bhaduri, A. N., Basu, M. K., (1994), Mannose-coated liposomal hamycin in the treatment of experimental leishmaniasis in hamsters. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 53(1): 1-7

Bano, P., Shahab, S. M., (1994), A combination of sulphadiazine, trimethoprim and metronidazole or tinidazole in kala azar. J. Assoc. Physicians. India. 42(7): 535-6

Berhe, N., Ali, A., Hailu, A., Yeneneh, H., (1994), Relapse in Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients after therapy with pentavalent antimonials: a ten year observation. Acta. Trop. 57(1): 83-90

Bichile, L. S., (1994), Anti leishmanial therapy: the changing scene. J. Assoc. Physicians. India. 42(9): 682-3

Bodley, A. L., McGarry, M. W., Shapiro, T. A., (1995), Drug cytotoxicity assay for African trypanosomes and Leishmania species. J. Infect. Dis.172(4): 1157-9

Bretscher, P. A., Menon, J. N., Ogunremi, O., (1996), Towards a strategy of universally efficacious vaccination against pathogens uniquely susceptible to cell-mediated attack. J. Biotechnol. 44(1-3): 1-4

Callens, M., Hannaert, V., (1995), The rational design of trypanocidal drugs: Selective inhibition of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in trypanosomatidae. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitology. 89(1): 23-30

Chance, M. L., (1995), New developments in the chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitology. 89(1): 37-43

Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, R., (1994), Visceral leishmaniasis treated with rifampicin and co-trimoxazole. J. Indian. Med. Assoc. 92(9): 307

Chen, M., Christensen, S. B., Theander, T. G., Kharazmi, A., (1994), Anti-leishmanial activity of licochalcone A in mice infected with Leishmania major and in hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 38(6): 1339-44

Davidson, R. N., Di-Martino, L., Gradoni, L., Giacchino, R., Russo, R., Gaeta, G. B., Pempinello, R., Scott, S., Raimondi, F., Cascio, A., et-al., (1994), Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis: a multi-centre trial. Q. J. Med. 87(2): 75-81

Davidson, R. N., Russo, R., (1994), Relapse of visceral leishmaniasis in patients who were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and who received treatment with liposomal amphotericin B. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19(3): 560

Davidson, R. N., Di-Martino, L., Gradoni, L., Giacchino, R., Gaeta, G. B., Pempinello, R., Scotti, S., Cascio, A., Castagnola, E., Maisto, A., Gramiccia, M., Di-Caprio, D., Wilkinson, R. J., Bryceson, A. D. M., (1996), Short-course treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Clin. Infect. Dis. 22(6): 938-943

Dietze, R., Fagundes, S. M., Brito, E. F., Milan, E. P., Feitosa, T., Suassuna, F. A., Fonschiffrey, G., Ksionski, G., Dember, J., (1995), Treatment of kala azar in Brazil with Amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion) for 5 days. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89(3): 309-11

Gangneux, J. P., Sulahian, A., Garin, Y. J. F., Farinotti, R., Derouin, F., (1996), Therapy of visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum: Experimental assessment of efficacy of AmBisome. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 40(5): 1214-1218

Gasser, R. A., Magill, A. J., Oster, C. N., Franke, E. D., Grogl, M., Berman, J. D., (1994), Pancreatitis induced by pentavalent antimonial agents during treatment of leishmaniasis. Clin. Infect. Dis.18(1): 83-90

Giri, O. P., (1994), Treatment of visceral Leishmaniasis unresponsive to pentamidine with amphotericin B. J. Assoc. Physicians. India. 42(9): 688-9

Giri, O. P., Singh, A. N., (1994), Experience with amphotericin B in sodium stibogluconate- unresponsive cases of visceral Leishmaniasis in north Bihar. J. Assoc. Physicians. India. 42(9): 690-1

Gokhale, P. C., Kshirsagar, N. A., Khan, M. U., Pandya, S. K., Meisheri, Y. V., Thakur, C. P., Choudhary, C. B., (1994), Successful treatment of resistant visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88(2): 228

Gradoni, L., Bryceson, A., Desjeux, P., (1995), Treatment of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Bull. World. Health. Organ.73(2): 191-7

Hashim, F. A., Khalil, E. A., Ismail, A., El-Hassan, A. M., (1995), Apparently successful treatment of two cases of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89(4): 440

Hay, R. J., (1994), Liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome. J-Infect. 28(1): 35-43

Hommel, M., Jaffe, C. L., Travi, B., Milon, G., (1995), Experimental models for leishmaniasis and for testing anti-leishmanial vaccines. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitology 89(1): 55-73

Ibrahim, M. E., Hag-Ali, M., El-Hassan, A. M., Theander, T. G., Kharazmi, A., (1994), Leishmania resistant to sodium stibogluconate: drug-associated macrophage-dependent killing. Parasitol. Res. 80(7): 569-74

Jha, T. K., Giri, Y. N., Singh, T. K., Jha, S., (1995), Use of amphotericin B in drug resistant cases of visceral leishmaniasis in north Bihar, India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52(6): 536-8

Kandpal, M., Tekwani, B. L., Chauhan, P. M. S., Bhaduri, A. P., (1996), Correlation between inhibition of growth and arginine transport of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro by diamidines. Life Sciences. 59(7): 75-80

Karande, S. C., Boby, K. F., Lahiri, K. R., Jain, M. K., Kshirsagar, N. A., Gokhale, P. C., Pandya, S. K., (1995), Successful treatment of antimony-resistant visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmpB-LRC) in a child. Trop. Doct. 25(2): 80-1

Kole, L., Sakar, K., Mahato, S. B., Das, P. K., (1994), Neoglycoprotein conjugated liposomes as macrophage specific drug carrier in the therapy of leishmaniasis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200(1): 351-8

Kundu, M., Sett, R., (1996), Kala azar in India: A brief account, Leishmania-Macrophage interactions and anti-leishmanial chemotherapy. J. Human Ecology 7(2): 101-114

Laguna, F., Lopez-Velez, R., Soriano, V., Montilla, P., Alvar, J., Gonzalez-Lahoz, J. M., (1994), Assessment of allopurinol plus meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with HIV. J. Infect. 28(3): 255-9

Laguna- del- Estal, P., Moya, M. S., Martin, T., Lucero, M. J., Salgado, R., (1994), Metronidazole therapy for visceral leishmaniasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19(6): 1161-2

Lamidi, M., Gasquet, M., Ollivier, E., Ekekang,L. N., Balansard, G., (1996), Antiparasitic studies of Nauclea diderrichii bark. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters. 6(1): 31-3

Lustig, V., Kager, P. A., Meenhorst, P. L., (1995), Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with AIDS with antimony and gamma-interferon: remission and prevention of relapse by maintenance therapy with weekly pentamidine. Neth. J. Med. 47(2): 66-9

McBride, M., Linney, M., Claydon, E. J., Weber, J., (1994), Visceral leishmaniasis following treatment with liposomal amphotericin B. Clin. Infect. Dis.19(2): 362

Mesa-Valle, C. M., Castilla-Calvente, J., Sanchez-Moreno, M., Moraleda-Lindez, V., Barbe, J., Osuna, A., (1996), Activity and mode of action of acridine compounds against Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 40(3): 684-690

Mishra, M., Biswas, U. K., Jha, A. M., Khan, A.B., (1994), Amphotericin versus sodium stibogluconate in first-line treatment of Indian kala azar. Lancet. 344(8937): 1599-600

Morishige, K., Aji, T., Ishii, A., Yasuda, T., Wataya, Y., (1995), Leishmania donovani: pilot study for evaluation of therapeutic effects of inosine analogs against amastigotes in vitro and in vivo. Exp. Parasitol. 80(4): 665-71

Mukhopadhyay, R., Kapoor, P., Madhubala, R., (1996), Anti- leishmanial effect of a potent S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor: CGP 40215A. Pharmacological Research 33(1): 67-70

Murray, H. W., Hariprashad, J., Aguero, B., Arakawa, T., Yeganegi, H., (1995), Antimicrobial response of a T cell-deficient host to cytokine therapy: effect of interferon-gamma in experimental visceral leishmaniasis in nude mice. J. Infect. Dis. 171(5): 1309-16

Murray, H. W., Hariprashad, J., Fichtl, R. E., (1996), Models of relapse of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dis.173(4): 1041-1043

Murray, H. W., Hariprashad, J., (1996), Activity of oral atovaquone alone and in combination with antimony in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemotherapy. 40(3): 586-587

Nabors, G. S., Farrell, J. P., (1996), Successful chemotherapy in experimental leishmaniasis is influenced by the polarity of the T cell response before treatment. J. Infec. Dis. 173(4): 979-986

Neogy, A. B., Vouldoukis, I., da-Costa, J. M., Monjour, L., (1994), Exploitation of parasite derived antigen in therapeutic success against canine visceral leishmaniosis. Vet. Parasitol. 54(4): 367-73

Nyakundi, P. M., Wasunna, K. M., Rashid, J. R., Gachihi, G. S., Mbugua, J., Kirigi, G., Muttunga, J., (1994), Is one year follow-up justified in kala azar post-treatment? East. Afr. Med. J. 71(7): 453-9

Olliaro, P. C., Bryceson, A. D. M., (1993), Practical progress and new drugs for changing patterns of leishmaniasis. Parasitology today. 9(9):323-328

Ouellette, M., Papadopoulou, B., (1993), Mechanisms of drug resistance in leishmania. Parasitology today. 9(5):150-153

Piarroux, R., Garnier, J. M., Gambarelli, F., Dumon, H., Kaplanski, S., Unal, D., (1996), Visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs: Risk factors and treatment. Archives de Pediatrie. 3(4): 352-356

Rai, U. S., Kumar, H., Kumar, U., (1994), Renal dysfunction in patients of kala azar treated with sodium antimony gluconate. J. Assoc. Physicians. India. 42(5): 383

Rai, U. S., Kumar, H., Kumar, U., Amitabh, V., (1994), Acute renal failure and 9th, 10th nerve palsy in patient of kala azar treated with stibanate. J. Assoc. Physicians. India. 42(4): 338

Ramesh, V., (1994), Treatment of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis. Int. J. Dermatol. 33(3): 153-6

Ramos, H., Valdivieso, E., Gamargo, M., Dagger, F., Cohen, B. E., (1996), Amphotericin B kills unicellular leishmanias by forming aqueous pores permeable to small cations and anions. J. Memb. Biology. 152(1): 65-75

Ramos, H., Brajtburg, J., Marquez, V., Cohen, B. E.,(1995), Comparison of the leishmanicidal activity of fungizone, liposomal AmB and amphotericin B incorporated into egg lecithin-bile salt mixed micelles. Drugs under Experimental and Clinical Research. 21(6): 211-216

Rashid, J. R., Wasunna, K. M., Gachihi, G. S., Nyakundi, P. M., Mbugua, J., Kirigi, G., (1994), The efficacy and safety of ketoconazole in visceral leishmaniasis. East. Afr. Med. J. 71(6): 392-5

Rodilla, F., Magraner, J., Aznar, J., Orovitg, F., Alcacer, F., Colomina, J., Ferriols, F., (1994), Amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis resistant to pentavalent antimonial drugs in AIDS. Ann. Pharmacother. 28(11): 1305

Rodrigues, J. M. Jr., Croft, S. L., Fessi, H., Bories, C., Devissaguet, J. P., (1994), The activity and ultrastructural localization of primaquine-loaded poly (d,l-lactide) nanoparticles in Leishmania donovani infected mice. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 45(3): 223-8

Sherwood, J. A., Gachihi, G. S., Muigai, R. K., Skillman, D. R.., Mugo, M., Rashid, J. R., Wasunna, K. M., Were, J. B., Kasili, S. K., Mbugua, J. M., et-al, (1994), Phase 2 efficacy trial of an oral 8-aminoquinoline (WR6026) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19(6): 1034-9

Smith, O. P., Hann, I. M., Cox, H., Novelli,V., (1995),Visceral leishmaniasis: rapid response to AmBisome treatment. Arch. Dis. Child. 73(2): 157-9

Sundar, S., Rosenkaimer, F., Lesser, M. L., Murray, H. W., (1995), Immunochemotherapy for a systemic intracellular infection: accelerated response using interferon-gamma in visceral leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dis. 171(4): 992-6

Sundar, S., Rosenkaimer, F., Murray, H. W., (1994), Successful treatment of refractory visceral leishmaniasis in India using antimony plus interferon-gamma. J. Infect. Dis. 170(3): 659-62

Sundar, S., Murray, H. W., (1995), Effect of treatment with interferon-gamma alone in visceral leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dis. 172(6): 1627-1629

Thakur, C. P., (1994), Comparison of glucose versus fat emulsion in the preparation of amphotericin B for use in kala azar. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88(6): 698-9

Thakur, C. P., Bhowmick, S., Dolfi, L., Olliaro, P., (1995), Aminosidine plus sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of Indian kala azar: a randomized dose finding clinical trial. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89(2): 219-23

Thakur, C. P., Sinha, G. P., Barat, D., Singh, R. K., (1994), Are incremental doses of amphotericin B required for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis?. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 88(4): 365-70

Thakur, C. P., Sinha, G. P., Pandey, A. K., Barat, D., Singh, R. K., (1994), Daily versus alternate-day regimen of amphotericin B in the treatment of kala azar: a randomized comparison. Bull. World. Health. Organ. 72(6): 931-6

Tournaire, C., Caujolle, R., Payard, M., Commenges, G., Bessieres, M. H., Bories, C., Loiseau, P. M., Gayral, P., (1996), Synthesis and protozoocidal activities of quinones. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 31(6): 507-511

Venier-Julienne, M. C., Vouldoukis, I., Monjour, L., Benoit, J. P., (1995), In vitro study of the anti-leishmanial activity of biodegradable nanoparticles. J. Drug. Target. 3(1): 23-9

Vouldoukis, I., Drapier, J. C., Nussler, A. K., Tselentis, Y., Da-Silva, O. A., Gentilini, M., Mossalayi, D, M., Monjour, L., Dugas, B., (1996), Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Successful chemotherapy induces macrophage anti-leishmanial activity via the L-arginine nitric oxide pathway. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 40(1): 253-256

Williams, D. M., Carter, K. C., Baillie, A. J., (1995), Visceral leishmaniasis in the BALB/c mouse: a comparison of the in vivo activity of five non-ionic surfactant vesicle preparations of sodium stibogluconate. J. Drug. Target. 3(1): 1-7

Zehra, K., Pal, R., Anuradha., Rizvi, S.Y., Haq, W., Kundu, B., Katiyar, J. C., Mathur, K. B., (1995), Leishmania donovani in hamsters: stimulation of non-specific resistance by novel lipopeptides and their effect in anti-leishmanial therapy. Experientia. 51(7): 725-30

References: Diagnosis

Addy, M., Nandy, A., (1995), Evaluation of direct agglutination test in the diagnosis of sub-clinical kala azar and lymphatic leishmaniasis. J. Protozoology. Res. 5(1): 1-9

Azazy, A. A., Devaney, E., Chance, M. L., (1994), A PEG-ELISA for the detection of Leishmania donovani antigen in circulating immune complexes. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88(1): 62-6

Bao, Y., Wang, S. T., Shao, Q. F., (1994), A further study of LDT and IFAT tests in evaluating the control of kala azar in China. J.Trop. Med. Hyg. 97(6): 357-61

Benjamin, B., Annobil, S. H., Bassuni, W. A., (1994), Diagnostic and management problems in childhood visceral leishmaniasis in south-western Saudi Arabia. Ann. Trop. Paediatr.14(1): 7-13

Bhattacharyya, R., Das, K., Sen, S., Roy, S., Majumder, H. K., (1996), Development of a genus specific primer set for detection of Leishmania parasites by polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiology Letters 135(2-3): 195-200

Cardenosa, N., Riera, C., Cortes, P., March, F., Munoz, C., Portus, M., Prats, G., (1995), Detection and characterization by immunoblot analysis of potentially diagnostic Leishmania infantum polypeptides in human visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol.(Oxford) 17(10): 509-516

Carreira, P. F., Maingon, R., Ward, R. D., Noyes, H., Ponce, C., Belli, A., Arana, B., Zeledon, R., Sousa, O. E., (1995), Molecular techniques in the characterization of Leishmania isolates from Central America. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitology. 89(1): 31-36

Chandra, J., Patwari, A. K., (1994), Diagnosis and treatment of kala azar. Indian. Pediatr. 31(6): 741-8

Cummins, A. J., Moody, A. H., Lalloo, K., Chiodini, P. L., (1994), Development of a rapid latex agglutination test for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88(3): 300

Dietze, R., Falqueto, A., Valli, L. C., Rodriques, T. P., Boulos, M., Corey, R., (1995), Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis with a dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53(1): 40-2

El-Harith, A., Chowdhury, S., Al-Masum, A., Semiao-Santos, S., Karim, E., El-Safi, S., Haque, I., (1995), Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Evaluation of cleaving agents other than trypsin in direct agglutination test for further improving. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33(8): 1984-8

El-Harith, A., Chowdhury, S., Al-Masum, A., Semiao-Santos, S., Das, P. K., Akhter, S., Vetter, J. C. M., Haq, I., (1996), Reactivity of various leishmanial antigens in a direct agglutination test and their value in differentiating post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis from leprosy and other skin conditions. J. Med. Microbiol. 44(2): 141-146

Al-Masum, M. A., Evans, D, A., Minter, D. M., El-Harith, A., (1995), Visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: the value of DAT as a diagnostic tool. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.89(2): 185-6

Fargeas, C., Hommel, M., Maingon, R., Dourado, C., Monsigny, M., Mayer, R., (1996), Synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34(2): 241-248

Fernandes, O., Bozza, M., Pascale, J. M., Miranda, A. B. D., Lopes, U. G., Degrave, W. M., (1996), An oligonucleotide probe derived from kDNA mini-repeats is specific for Leishmania (Viannia). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 91(3): 279-284

Ferrer, L., Aisa, M. J., Roura, X., Portus, M., (1995), Serological diagnosis and treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet. Rec.136(20): 514-6

Gari-Toussaint, M., Lelievre, A., Marty, P., Le-Fichoux, Y., (1994), Contribution of serological tests to the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88(3): 301-2

Gicheru, M. M., Olobo, J. O., (1994), Evaluation of recombinant gp63, the major Leishmania surface glycoprotein, as a diagnostic molecule for leishmaniasis in vervet monkeys. Acta. Trop. 58(3-4): 345-8

Harris, E., Belli, A., Agabian, N., (1995), Introduction and implementation of molecular technology for the diagnosis and epidemiology of infectious diseases in Latin America. Biotecnologia. Aplicada 12(2): 80-81

Ibrahim, M. E., Smyth, A. J., Ali, M. H., Barker, D. C., Kharazmi, A., (1994), The polymerase chain reaction can reveal the occurrence of naturally mixed infections with Leishmania parasites. Acta. Trop. 57(4): 327-32

Jain, A., Agrawal, M., Tiwari, V., (1994), An indirect immunoperoxidase assay for rapid serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Indian. J. Exp. Biol. 32(11): 822-5

Lopez-Velez, R., Laguna, F., Alvar, J., Perez-Molina, J. A., Molina, R., Martinez, P., Villarrubia, J., (1995), Parasitic culture of buffy coat for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33(4): 937-9

Mancianti, F., Falcone, M. L., Giannelli. C., Poli, A., (1995), Comparison between an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay using a detergent-soluble Leishmania infantum antigen and indirect immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis. Vet. Parasitol. 59(1): 13-21

Marty, P., Lelievre, A., Quaranta, J. F., Rahal, A., Gari-Toussaint, M., Le-Fichoux, Y., (1994), Use of the leishmanin skin test and western blot analysis for epidemiological studies in visceral leishmaniasis areas: experience in a highly endemic focus in Alpes-Maritimes (France). Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88(6): 658-9

Mathis, A., Deplazes, P., (1995), PCR and in vitro cultivation for detection of Leishmania spp. in diagnostic samples from humans and dogs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33(5): 1145-9

Meredith, S. E., Kroon, N. C., Sondorp, E., Seaman, J., Goris, M. G., Ingen, C. W., Oosting, H., Schoone, G. J., Terpstra, W. J., Oskam, L., (1995), Leish-KIT, a stable direct agglutination test based on freeze-dried antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33(7): 1742-5

Nuzum, E., White, F., Thakur, C., Dietze, R., Wages, J., Grogl, M., Berman, J., (1995), Diagnosis of symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis by use of the polymerase chain reaction on patient blood. J. Infect. Dis.171(3): 751-4

Nyakundi, P. M., Gachihi, G. S., Muigai, R. K., Were, J. B., Wasunna, K. M., Rashid, R. J., Ogola, J. J., Kirigi, G., Mbugua, J., (1994), Relationship between direct agglutiation test and splenic aspirate smear parasite load in visceral leishmaniasis at Baringo District, Kenya. East. Afr. Med. J. 71(9): 598-600

Palatnik, de-Sousa, C. B., Gomes, E. M., Paraguai, De-Souza, E., Palatnik, M., Luz, K., Borojevic, R. (1995), Leishmania donovani: titration of antibodies to the fucose-mannose ligand as an aid in diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89(4): 390-3

Piarroux, R., Gambarelli, F., Dumon, H., Fontes, M., Dunan, S., Mary, C., Toga, B., Quilici, M., (1994), Comparison of PCR with direct examination of bone marrow aspiration, myeloculture, and serology for diagnosis of visceral Leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32(3): 746-9

Pogue, G. P., Lee, N. S., Koul, S., Dwyer, D. M., Nakhasi, H. L., (1995), Identification of differentially expressed Leishmania donovani genes using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reactions. Gene (Amsterdam) 165(1): 31-38

Qiao, Z., Miles, M. A., Wilson, S. M., (1995), Detection of parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex by a polymerase chain reaction-solution hybridization enzyme-linked immunoassay (PCR-SHELA). Parasitology.110(3): 269-75

Rab, M. A., Evans, D. A., (1994), The effect of BCG vaccination on the leishmanin skin test. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88(5): 541-2

Ramos, A., Maslov, D. A., Fernandes, O., Campbell, D. A., Simpson, L., (1996), Detection and identification of human pathogenic Leishmania and Trypanosoma species by hybridization of PCR-amplified mini-exon repeats. Exp. Parasitology. 82(3): 242-250

Schaefer, K. U., Kurtzhals, J. A., Kager, P. A., Gachihi, G. S., Gramiccia, M., Kagai, J. M., Sherwood, J. A., Muller, A. S., (1994), Studies on the prevalence of leishmanin skin test positivity in the Baringo District, Rift Valley, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50(1): 78-84

Senaldi, G., Xiao-Su, H., Hoessli, D. C., Bordier, C., (1996), Serological diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a dot-enzyme immunoassay for the detection of a Leishmania donovani related circulating antigen. J. Immunol. Methods 193(1): 9-15

Singh, S., Gilman-Sachs, A., Chang, K. P., Reed, S. G., (1995), Diagnostic and prognostic value of K39 recombinant antigen in Indian leishmaniasis. J. Parasitology 81(6): 1000-1003

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References: Immunology

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Van-der-Poll, T., Zijlstra, E. E., Mevissen. M., (1995), Interleukin 6 during active visceral leishmaniasis and after treatment. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 77(1): 111-4

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Wilson, M. E., Vorhies, R. W., Andersen, K. A., Britigan, B. E., (1994), Acquisition of iron from transferrin and lactoferrin by the protozoan Leishmania chagasi. Infect. Immunol. 62(8): 3262-9

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References: Geographical distribution and Epidemiology

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References: Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology

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